Wednesday, January 30, 2019

Foundations of Physiological Psychology, 7th Edition

Foundations of Physiological Psychology, 7th Edition

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Foundations of Physiological Psychology, 7th Edition Bank Test , Foundations of Physiological Psychology, 7th Edition Textbook , Foundations of Physiological Psychology, 7th Edition PDF , Foundations of Physiological Psychology, 7th Edition eBook , Neil R. Carlson, University of Massachusetts, Amherst

Category : Higher Education

Table of Contents

chapter 1 Introduction  1

 

 

PROLOGUE  Rene’s Inspiration  2

 

Understanding Human Consciousness: A Physiological Approach  3

     Blindsight  4

     Split Brains  5

     Interim Summary  7

The Nature of Physiological Psychology  8

     The Goals of Research  8

     Biological Roots of Physiological Psychology  9

     Interim Summary  12

Natural Selection and Evolution  13

     Functionalism and the Inheritance of Traits  13

     Evolution of the Human Species  16

     Evolution of Large Brains  18

     Interim Summary  19

Ethical Issues in Research with Animals  20

Careers in Neuroscience  23

     Interim Summary  24

Strategies for Learning  24

EPILOGUE  Models of Brain Functions  27

 

Key Concepts  27

Suggested Readings  28

 

 

chapter 2 Structure and Functions of Cells of the Nervous System  29

 

PROLOGUE  Unresponsive Muscles  30

 

Cells of the Nervous System  31

     Neurons  31

     Supporting Cells  34

     The Blood—Brain Barrier  38

     Interim Summary  39

Communication Within a Neuron  40

     Neural Communication: An Overview  40

     Measuring Electrical Potentials of Axons  42

     The Membrane Potential: Balance of Two Forces  44 

     The Action Potential  47

     Conduction of the Action Potential  49

      Interim Summary  50

Communication Between Neurons  51

     Structure of Synapses  52

     Release of Neurotransmitter  53

     Activation of Receptors  53

     Postsynaptic Potentials  55

     Termination of Postsynaptic Potentials  56

     Effects of Postsynaptic Potentials: Neural Integration 57

     Autoreceptors  58

     Axoaxonic Synapses  59

     Nonsynaptic Chemical Communication  59

     Interim Summary  60

EPILOGUE  Myasthenia Gravis  61

Key Concepts  62

Suggested Readings  62

 

chapter 3  Structure of the Nervous System  63

 PROLOGUE  The Left Is Gone  64

Basic Features of the Nervous System  64

     An Overview  65

     Meninges  67

     The Ventricular System and Production of Cerebrospinal Fluid  69

     Interim Summary  70

The Central Nervous System  70

     Development of the Central Nervous System  71

     The Forebrain  75

     The Midbrain  84

     The Hindbrain  85

     The Spinal Cord  87

     Interim Summary  89

The Peripheral Nervous System  89

     Spinal Nerves  90

     Cranial Nerves  91

     The Autonomic Nervous System  91

     Interim Summary  94

EPILOGUE Unilateral Neglect  94

Key Concepts  96

Suggested Readings  96

 

chapter 4  Psychopharmacology  97

PROLOGUE  A contaminated Drug  98

 

Principles of Psychopharmacology  98

    

     Pharmacokinetics  99

    

     Drug Effectiveness  101

    

     Effects of Repeated Administration  103

    

     Placebo Effects  104

    

     Interim Summary  104

 

Sites of Drug Action  105

 

     Effects on Production of Neurotransmitters  105

 

     Effects on Storage and Release of Neurotransmitters  105

 

     Effects on Receptors  106

 

     Effects on Reuptake or Destruction of Neurotransmitters  107

 

     Interim Summary  108

 

Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators  108

 

     Acetylcholine  109

 

     The Monoamines  111

 

     Amino Acids  116

 

     Peptides  119

 

     Lipids  120

 

     Nucleosides  121

 

     Soluble Gases  121

 

     Interim Summary  122

 

EPILOGUE  Helpful Hints from a Tragedy  124

 

Key Concepts  124

 

Suggested Readings  125

 

 

chapter 5  Methods and Strategies of Research  126 

 

PROLOGUE   127

 

Experimental Ablation  128

 

     Evaluating the Behavioral Effects of Brain Damage  128

 

     Producing Brain Lesions  129

 

     Stereotaxic Surgery  130

 

     Histological Methods  132

 

     Tracing Neural Connections  133

 

     Study of the Living Human Brain  137

 

     Interim Summary  139

 

Recording and Stimulating Neural Activity  140

 

     Recording Neural Activity  141

 

     Recording the Brain’s Metabolic and Synaptic Activity  143

 

     Measuring the Brain’s Secretions  144

 

     Stimulating Neural Activity  145

 

     Behavioral Effects of Electrical Brain Stimulation  147

 

     Interim Summary  148

 

Neurochemical Methods  149

 

     Finding Neurons That Produce Particular Neurochemicals  149

 

     Localizing Particular Receptors  151

 

     Interim Summary  152

 

Genetic Methods  153

 

     Twin Studies  153

 

     Adoption Studies  154

 

     Targeted Mutations  154

 

     Antisense Oligonucleotides  154

 

     Interim Summary  155

 

EPILOGUE  Watch the Brain Waves  155

 

Key Concepts  156

 

Suggested Readings  156

 

 

chapter 6  Vision  157

 

PROLOGUE  Seeing Without Perceiving  158

 

The Stimulus  159

 

Anatomy of the Visual System  160

 

     The Eyes  160

 

     Photoreceptors162

 

     Connections Between Eye and Brain  163

 

     Interim Summary  165

 

Coding of Visual Information in the Retina  166

 

     Coding of Light and Dark  166

 

     Coding of Color  167

 

     Interim Summary  169

 

Analysis of Visual Information: Role of the Striate Cortex  170

 

     Anatomy of the Striate Cortex  170

 

     Orientation and Movement  170

 

     Spatial Frequency  171

 

     Retinal Disparity  172

 

     Color  173

 

     Modular Organization of the Striate Cortex  174

 

     Interim Summary  174

 

Analysis of Visual Information: Role of the Visual Association Cortex  175

 

     Two Streams of Visual Analysis  175

 

     Perception of Color  177

 

     Perception of Form  178

 

     Perception of Movement  181

 

     Perception of Spatial Location  184

 

     Interim Summary  187

 

EPILOGUE Case Studies  188

 

Key Concepts  189

 

Suggested Readings  189

 

 

 

chapter 7  Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses Audition  190

 

PROLOGUE  All in Her Head?  191

 

Audition  192

 

     The Stimulus  192

 

     Anatomy of the Ear 192

 

     Auditory Hair Cells and the Transduction of Auditory Information  195

 

     The Auditory Pathway  196

 

     Perception of Pitch  197

 

     Perception of Timbre  199

 

     Perception of Spatial Location  200

 

     Perception of Environmental Sounds  202

 

     Interim Summary  204

 

Vestibular System  205

 

     Anatomy of the Vestibular Apparatus  206

 

     The Vestibular Pathway  206

 

     Interim Summary  207

 

Somatosenses  207

 

     The Stimuli  208

 

     Anatomy of the Skin and Its Receptive Organs  208

 

     Perception of Cutaneous Stimulation  209

 

     The Somatosensory Pathways  211

 

     Perception of Pain  212

 

     Interim Summary  214

 

Gustation  215

 

     The Stimuli  215

 

     Anatomy of the Taste Buds and Gustatory Cells  215

 

     Perception of Gustatory Information  216

 

     The Gustatory Pathway  217

 

     Interim Summary  218

 

Olfaction  218

 

     The Stimulus

 

     Anatomy of the Olfactory Apparatus

 

     Transduction of Olfactory Information  220

 

     Perception of Specific Odors  221

 

     Interim Summary  222

 

EPILOGUE  Natural Analgesia  223

 

Key Concepts  224

 

Suggested Readings  225

 

 

chapter 8  Sleep and Biological Rhythms  226

 

PROLOGUE  Waking Nightmares  227

 

A Physiological and Behavioral Description of Sleep  228

 

     Interim Summary  231

 

Disorders of Sleep  231

 

     Insomnia  232

 

     Narcolepsy  232

 

     REM Sleep Behavior Disorder  234

 

     Problems Associated with Slow-Wave Sleep  235

 

     Interim Summary  236

 

Why Do We Sleep?  236

 

     Functions of Slow-Wave Sleep  236

 

     Functions of REM Sleep  239

 

     Interim Summary  240

 

Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking  241

 

     Chemical Control of Sleep  241

 

     Neural Control of Arousal  242

 

     Neural Control of Slow-Wave Sleep  245

 

     Neural Control of REM Sleep  247

 

     Interim Summary  251

 

Biological Clocks  252

 

     Circadian Rhythms and Zeitgebers  252

 

     The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus  253

 

     Control of Seasonal Rhythms: The Pineal Gland and Melatonin  255

 

     Changes in Circadian Rhythms: Shift Work and Jet Lag  256

 

Interim Summary  258

 

EPILOGUE  Functions of Dreams  258

 

Key Concepts  258

 

Suggested Readings  260

 

 

chapter 9  Reproduction Behavior  261

 

PROLOGUE: From Boy to Girl  262

 

Sexual Development  262

 

     Production of Gametes and Fertilization  262

 

     Development of the Sex Organs  263

 

     Sexual Maturation  266

 

     Interim Summary  268

 

Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior  269

 

     Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Cycles  269

 

     Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior of Laboratory Animals  270

 

     Organizational Effects of Androgens on Behavior: Masculinization and Defeminization  272

 

     Effects of Pheromones  273

 

     Human Sexual Behavior  275

 

     Sexual Orientation  277

 

     Interim Summary  281

 

Neural Control of Sexual Behavior  282

 

     Males  282

 

     Females  283

 

     Formation of Pair Bonds  285      

 

     Interim Summary  286

 

Parental Behavior  287

 

     Maternal Behavior of Rodents  287

 

     Hormonal Control of Maternal Behavior  288

 

     Neural Control of Maternal Behavior  289

 

     Neural Control of Paternal Behavior  289

 

     Interim Summary  290

 

EPILOGUE: From Boy to Girl and Back Again  290

 

Key Concepts  291

 

Suggested Readings  292

 

Additional Resources  292

 

 

chapter 10 Emotion  293

 

PROLOGUE: Intellect and Emotion  294

 

Emotions as Response Patterns  294

 

     Fear  295

 

     Anger, Aggression, and Impulse Control  299

 

     Interim Summary  305

 

Communication of Emotions  306

 

     Facial Expression of Emotions: Innate Responses  306

 

     Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Recognition  307

 

     Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Expression  310

 

     Interim Summary  313

 

Feelings of Emotions  313

 

     The James-Lange Theory  313

    

     Feedback from Simulated Emotions  315

 

     Interim Summary  316

 

EPILOGUE: Mr. V. Revisited  317

 

Key Concepts  318

 

Suggested Readings  318

 

Additional Resources  318

 

 

chapter 11  Ingestive Behavior  319

 

PROLOGUE: Out of Control  320

 

Physiological Regulatory Mechanisms  320

 

Drinking  322

 

     Some Facts About Fluid Balance  322

 

     Two Types of Thirst  323

 

     Interim Summary  326

 

Eating: Some Facts About Metabolism  327

 

     Interim Summary  330

 

What Starts a Meal?  330

 

     Signals from the Environment  330

 

     Signals from the Stomach  331

 

     Metabolic Signals  332 

 

     Interim Summary  333

 

What Stops a Meal?  333

 

     Gastric Factors  334

 

     Intestinal Factors  334

 

     Liver Factors  335

 

     Insulin  335

 

     Long-Term Satiety: Signals from Adipose Tissue  336

 

     Interim Summary  336

 

Brain Mechanisms  337

 

     Brain Stem  337

 

     Hypothalamus  338

 

     Interim Summary 342

 

Eating Disorders  342

 

     Obesity  343

 

     Anorexia Nervosa/Bulimia Nervosa  348

 

     Interim Summary  350

 

EPILOGUE: An Insatiable Appetite  352  

 

Key Concepts  353

 

Suggested Readings  354

 

Additional Resources  354

 

 

chapter 12  Learning and Memory  355

 

PROLOGUE: Every Day Is Alone  356

 

The Nature of Learning  356

 

     Interim Summary  360

 

Synaptic Plasticity: Long-Term Potentiation and Long-Term Depression  360

 

     Induction of Long-Term Potentiation  360

 

     Role of NMDA Receptors  362

 

     Mechanisms of Synaptic Plasticity  364

 

     Long-Term Depression  367

 

     Interim Summary  367

 

Perceptual Learning  368

 

     Interim Summary  370

 

Classical Conditioning  370

 

     Interim Summary  372

 

Instrumental Conditioning  373

 

     Basal Ganglia  373

 

     Reinforcement  375

 

     Interim Summary  377

 

Relational Learning  378 

 

     Human Anterograde Amnesia  378

    

     Spared Learning Abilities  380

    

     Declarative and Nondeclarative Memories  381

 

     Anatomy of Anterograde Amnesia  383 

 

     Role of the Hippocampal Formation in Memory Consolidation  385

 

     Episodic and Semantic Memories  386

 

     Spatial Memory  387

    

     Relational Learning in Laboratory Animals  388

 

     Role of Hippocampal Neuogenesis in Learning  393  

 

     Interim Summary  393

 

EPILOGUE: What Causes Confabulation?  394

 

Key Concepts  395

 

Suggested Readings  396

 

Additional Resources  396

 

 

chapter 13  Communication  397

 

PROLOGUE:  Can’t Hear Words  398 

 

Speech Production and Comprehension: Brain Mechanisms  398

 

     Lateralization 399

 

     Speech Production  400

 

     Speech Comprehension  403

 

     Aphasia in Deaf People  412

 

     Prosody: Rhythm, Tone, and Emphasis in Speech  413

 

     Stuttering  414 

 

     Interim Summary  416

 

Disorders of Reading and Writing  417

 

     Relation to Aphasia  417

 

     Pure Alexia  418

 

     Toward an Understanding of Reading  419

 

     Toward an Understanding of Writing  424

 

     Developmental Dyslexias  426

 

     Interim Summary  427

 

EPILOGUE: Speech Sounds and the Left Hemisphere

 

Key Concepts  429

 

Suggested Readings  430

 

Additional Resources  430

 

 

chapter 14  Neurological Disorders  431 

 

PROLOGUE: It Started with Her Foot  432

 

Tumors  432

 

Seizure Disorders  434

 

Cerebrovascular Accidents  437

 

     Interim Summary  441

 

Disorders of Development  442

 

     Toxic Chemicals  442

 

     Inherited Metabolic Disorders  443

 

     Down Syndrome  444

 

     Interim Summary  444

 

Degenerative Disorders  445

 

     Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies  445

 

     Parkinson's Disease  446

 

     Huntington’s Disease  449

 

     Alzheimer's Disease  450

 

     Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis  454

 

     Multiple Sclerosis  455

 

     Interim Summary  456

 

Disorders Caused by Infectious Diseases  457

 

     Interim Summary  459

 

EPILOGUE: Seizure Surgery  459 

 

Key Concepts  460

 

Suggested Readings  460

 

Additional Resources  460

 

 

CHAPTER 15  Schizophrenia, Affective Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders  461  

 

PROLOGUE: Anxiety Surgery  462

 

Schizophrenia  462

 

     Description  462

 

     Heritability  464

 

     Pharmacology of Schizophrenia: The Dopamine Hypothesis  464

 

     Schizophrenia as a Neurological Disorder  465

 

     Interim Summary  474

 

Major Affective Disorders  475

 

     Description  475

 

     Heritability  476

 

     Physiological Treatments  476

 

     Role of Monamines  480

 

     Evidence for Brain Abnormalities  481

    

     Role of the 5-HT Transporter  483

 

     Role of Circadian Rhythms  484

 

     Interim Summary  487

 

Anxiety Disorders  488

 

     Panic Disorder  488

 

     Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder  490

 

     Interim Summary  494

 

EPILOGUE: Prefrontal Lobotomy  495

 

Key Concepts  496

 

Suggested Readings  497

 

Additional Resources  497

 

 

    

chapter 16  Autistic, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity, Stress, and Substance Abuse Disorders  498 

 

PROLOGUE:  A Sudden Craving  499

 

Autistic Disorder  499

 

     Description  499

 

     Possible Causes  501

 

     Interim Summary  502

 

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder  503

 

     Description  503

 

     Possible Causes  504

 

     Interim Summary  505

 

Stress Disorders  505

 

     Physiology of the Stress Response  506

 

     Health Effects of Long-Term Stress  507

 

     Effects of Stress on the Brain  508

 

     Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  510

 

     Stress and Infectious Diseases  511

    

     Interim Summary  513 

 

Substance Abuse Disorders  514

 

     What Is Addiction  514

 

     Commonly Abused Drugs  520

 

     Heredity and Drug Abuse  526

 

     Therapy for Drug Abuse  528

 

     Interim Summary  530

 

EPILOGUE: Classically Conditioned Craving  532

 

 

 

Key Concepts  533

 

Suggest Readings  533

 

Additional Resources  534

 

 

References

 

Name Index

 

Subject Index

 

Instalant Download Foundations of Physiological Psychology, 7th Edition by Neil R. Carlson, University of Massachusetts, Amherst ZIP OR PDF

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