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Preface Acknowledgments Part One Overview of Argument 1 Argument: An Introduction What Do We Mean by Argument? Argument Is Not a Fight or a Quarrel Argument Is Not Pro-Con Debate Arguments Can Be Explicit or Implicit Louis W. Sullivan, M.D., “Let the Facts Decide, Not Fear: Ban AB 1108” The Defining Features of Argument Argument Requires Justification of Its Claims Argument Is Both a Process and a Product Argument Combines Truth Seeking and Persuasion Argument and the Problem of Truth A Successful Process of Argumentation: The Well-Functioning Committee Gordon Adams (student), “Petition to Waive the University Mathematics Requirement” Conclusion 2 Argument as Inquiry: Reading and Exploring Finding Issues to Explore Do Some Initial Brainstorming Be Open to the Issues All around You Explore Ideas by Freewriting Explore Ideas by Idea Mapping Explore Ideas by Playing the Believing and Doubting Game Placing Texts in a Rhetorical Context Genres of Argument Cultural Contexts: Who Writes Arguments and Why? Analyzing Rhetorical Context and Genre Reading to Believe an Argument’s Claims John Kavanaugh, “Amnesty?” Summary Writing as a Way of Reading to Believe Practicing Believing: Willing Your Own Belief in the Writer’s Views Reading to Doubt Thinking Dialectically Questions to Stimulate Dialectic Thinking Fred Reed, “Why Blame Mexico?” Three Ways to Foster Dialectic Thinking Conclusion Writing Assignment: An Argument Summary or a Formal Exploratory Essay Michael Banks (student), “Should the United States Grant Legal Status to Undocumented Immigrant Workers?” Part Two Writing an Argument 3 The Core of an Argument: A Claim with Reasons The Classical Structure of Argument Classical Appeals and the Rhetorical Triangle Issue Questions as the Origins of Argument Difference between an Issue Question and an Information Question How to Identify an Issue Question Difference between a Genuine Argument and a Pseudo-Argument Pseudo-Arguments: Fanatical Believers and Fanatical Skeptics Another Source of Pseudo-Arguments: Lack of Shared Assumptions Frame of an Argument: A Claim Supported by Reasons What Is a Reason? Expressing Reasons in Because Clauses Conclusion Writing Assignment: An Issue Question and Working Thesis Statements 4 The Logical Structure of Arguments An Overview of Logos: What Do We Mean by the “Logical Structure” of an Argument? Formal Logic versus Real-World Logic The Role of Assumptions The Core of an Argument: The Enthymeme Adopting a Language for Describing Arguments: The Toulmin System Using Toulmin’s Schema to Determine a Strategy of Support The Power of Audience-Based Reasons Difference between Writer-Based and Audience-Based Reasons Conclusion Writing Assignment: Plan of an Argument’s Details 5 Using Evidence Effectively The Persuasive Use of Evidence Apply the STAR Criteria to Evidence Use Sources That Your Reader Trusts Rhetorical Understanding of Evidence Kinds of Evidence Angle of Vision and the Selection and Framing of Evidence Examining Visual Arguments: Angle of Vision Rhetorical Strategies for Framing Evidence Special Strategies for Framing Statistical Evidence Gathering Evidence Creating a Plan for Gathering Evidence Gathering Data from Interviews Gathering Data from Surveys or Questionnaires Conclusion Writing Assignment: A Microtheme or a Supporting-Reasons Argument Carmen Tieu (student), “Why Violent Video Games Are Good for Girls” 6 Moving Your Audience: Ethos, Pathos, and Kairos Ethos and Pathos as Persuasive Appeals: An Overview How to Create an Effective Ethos: The Appeal to Credibility How to Create Pathos: The Appeal to Beliefs and Emotions Use Concrete Language Use Specific Examples and Illustrations Use Narratives Use Words, Metaphors, and Analogies with Appropriate Connotations Use Images for Emotional Appeal Kairos: The Timeliness and Fitness of Arguments Examining Visual Arguments: Logos, Ethos, Pathos, and Kairos How Audience-Based Reasons Enhance Logos, Ethos, and Pathos Conclusion Writing Assignment: Revising a Draft for Ethos, Pathos, and Audience-Based Reasons 7 Responding to Objections and Alternative Views One-Sided, Multisided, and Dialogic Arguments Determining Your Audience’s Resistance to Your Views Appealing to a Supportive Audience: One-Sided Argument Appealing to a Neutral or Undecided Audience: Classical Argument Summarizing Opposing Views Refuting Opposing Views Strategies for Rebutting Evidence Conceding to Opposing Views Example of a Student Essay Using Refutation Strategy Marybeth Hamilton (student), From “First Place: A Healing School for Homeless Children” Appealing to a Resistant Audience: Dialogic Argument Delayed-Thesis Argument as Both Exploration and Persuasion *Ross Douthat, “Islam in Two Americas” Writing a Delayed Thesis Argument A More Open Ended Approach: Rogerian Argument Rogerian Argument as Growth for the Writer Rogerian Argument as Collaborative Negotiation Writing a Rogerian Argument *Colleen Fontana, “An Open Letter to Robert Levy in Response to His Article ‘They Never Learn’” Conclusion Writing Assignment: A Classical Argument or a Rogerian Letter David Langley (student), “‘Half-Criminals’ or Urban Athletes? A Plea for Fair Treatment of Skateboarders” (A Classical Argument) Rebekah Taylor (student), “A Letter to Jim” (A Rogerian Argument) Part Three Analyzing Arguments 8 Analyzing Arguments Rhetorically Thinking Rhetorically about a Text Questions for Rhetorical Analysis An Illustration of Rhetorical Analysis Kathryn Jean Lopez, “Egg Heads” A Rhetorical Analysis of “Egg Heads” Conclusion Writing Assignment: A Rhetorical Analysis Generating Ideas for Your Rhetorical Analysis Organizing Your Rhetorical Analysis Ellen Goodman, “Womb for Rent—For a Price” Zachary Stumps (student), “A Rhetorical Analysis of Ellen Goodman’s ‘Womb For Rent—For a Price’” 9 Analyzing Visual Arguments Understanding Design Elements in Visual Argument Use of Type Use of Space or Layout An Analysis of a Visual Argument Using Type and Spatial Elements Use of Color Use of Images and Graphics An Analysis of a Visual Argument Using All the Design Components The Compositional Features of Photographs and Drawings An Analysis of a Visual Argument Using Images The Genres of Visual Argument Posters and Fliers Public Affairs Advocacy Advertisements Cartoons Web Pages Constructing Your Own Visual Argument Using Information Graphics in Arguments How Tables Contain a Variety of Stories Using a Graph to Tell a Story Incorporating Graphics into Your Argument Conclusion Writing Assignment: A Visual Argument Rhetorical Analysis, a Visual Argument, or a Microtheme Using Quantitative Data Part Four Arguments in Depth: Types of Claims 10 An Introduction to the Types of Claims An Overview of the Types of Claims Using Claim Types to Focus an Argument and Generate Ideas: An Example Making the LASIK Argument to Parents Making the LASIK Argument to Insurance Companies Hybrid Arguments: How Claim Types Work Together in Arguments Some Examples of Hybrid Arguments An Extended Example of a Hybrid Argument Aaron Friedman, “All That Noise for Nothing” 11 Definitional and Resemblance Arguments An Overview of Definition or Resemblance Arguments Consequences of Categorical Claims The Rule of Justice: Things in the Same Category Should Be Treated the Same Way Types of Definitional Arguments Simple Categorical Arguments Definitional Arguments Examining Visual Arguments: A Definitional Claim The Criteria—Match Structure of Definitional Arguments Developing the Criteria-Match Structure for a Definitional Argument Toulmin Framework for a Definitional Argument Kinds of Definitions Aristotelian Definitions Operational Definitions Conducting the Criteria Part of a Definitional Argument Approach 1: Research How Others Have Defined the Term Approach 2: Create Your Own Extended Definition Conducting the Match Part of a Definitional Argument Types of Resemblance Arguments Toulmin Framework for a Resemblance Argument Arguments by Analogy Arguments by Precedent Writing Assignment: A Definitional Argument Exploring Ideas Identifying Your Audience and Determining What’s at Stake Organizing a Definitional Argument Questioning and Critiquing a Definitional Argument *Arthur Knopf (Student), “Is Milk a Health Food?” Kathy Sullivan (student), “Oncore, Obscenity, and the Liquor Control Board” Clay Bennett, “Just Emancipated” (editorial cartoon) Beth Reis, “Toon Offensive” 12 Causal Arguments An Overview of Causal Arguments Kinds of Causal Arguments Toulmin Framework for a Causal Argument Two Methods for Arguing That One Event Causes Another First Method: Explain the Causal Mechanism Directly Examining Visual Arguments: A Causal Claim Second Method: Infer Causal Links Using Inductive Reasoning Glossary of Terms Encountered in Causal Arguments Writing Assignment: A Causal Argument Exploring Ideas Identifying Your Audience and Determining What’s at Stake Organizing a Causal Argument Questioning and Critiquing a Causal Argument Julee Christianson (student), “Why Lawrence Summers Was Wrong: Culture Rather Than Biology Explains the Underrepresentation of Women in Science and Mathematics” (APA-format research paper) Olivia Judson, “Different but (Probably) Equal” Carlos Macias (Student), “‘The Credit Card Company Made Me Do It!’—The Credit Card Industry’s Role in Causing Student Debt” 13 Evaluation and Ethical Arguments An Overview of Evaluation Arguments Criteria-Match Structure of Categorical Evaluations Toulmin Framework for an Evaluation Argument Constructing a Categorical Evaluation Argument Developing Your Criteria Making Your Match Argument Examining Visual Arguments: An Evaluation Claim An Overview of Ethical Arguments Major Ethical Systems Consequences as the Base of Ethics Principles as the Base of Ethics Constructing an Ethical Argument Constructing a Principles-Based Argument Constructing a Consequences-Based Argument Common Problems in Making Evaluation Arguments Writing Assignment: An Evaluation or Ethical Argument Exploring Ideas Identifying Your Audience and Determining What’s at Stake Organizing an Evaluation Argument Questioning and Critiquing a Categorical Evaluation Argument Critiquing an Ethical Argument Sam Isaacson (student), “Would Legalization of Gay Marriage Be Good for the Gay Community?” *Christopher Moore (student), “Information Plus Satire” *Adey Bryant, “Well, It Bloody Wasn’t There Last Year!” (editorial cartoon) *Christian Longo, “Giving Life after Death Row” *Kenneth Prager, “A Death Row Donation of Organs?” 14 Proposal Arguments An Overview of Proposal Arguments The Structure of Proposal Arguments Toulmin Framework for a Proposal Argument Special Concerns for Proposal Arguments Developing a Proposal Argument Convincing Your Readers That a Problem Exists Showing the Specifics of Your Proposal The Justification: Convincing Your Readers That Your Proposal Should Be Enacted Proposal Arguments as Advocacy Posters or Advertisements Using the Claim-Types Strategy to Develop a Proposal Argument Using the “Stock Issues” Strategy to Develop a Proposal Argument Examining Visual Arguments: A Proposal Claim Writing Assignment: A Proposal Argument Exploring Ideas Identifying Your Audience and Determining What’s at Stake Organizing a Proposal Argument Designing a One-Page Advocacy Advertisement Designing PowerPoint Slides or Other Visual Aids for a Speech Questioning and Critiquing a Proposal Argument *Megan Johnson (student), “A Proposal to Eliminate Gender Bias in Meal Plans” Juan Vazquez (student), “Why the United States Should Adopt Nuclear Power” (MLA-format research paper) Center for Children’s Health and the Environment, “More Kids Are Getting Brain Cancer. Why?” (advocacy ad) *Sandy Wainscott (student), “Why MacDonalds Should Sell Meat and Veggie Pies” (speech with PowerPoint slides) *Marcel Dicke and Arnold Van Huis, “The Six-Legged Meat of the Future” Part 5 The Researched Argument 15 Finding and Evaluating Sources Formulating a Research Question instead of a “Topic” Thinking Rhetorically about Kinds of Sources Degree of Editorial Review Degree of Stability Degree of Advocacy Degree of Authority Searching Libraries, Databases, and Web Sites Checking Your Library’s Home Page Finding Articles in Magazines, News Sources, and Scholarly Journals: Searching a Licensed Database Finding Cyberspace Sources: Searching the World Wide Web Evaluating Your Sources by Reading Rhetorically Reading with Your Own Goals in Mind Reading with Rhetorical Awareness Taking Purposeful Notes Evaluating Sources Conclusion 16 Incorporating Souces into Your Own Argument Using Sources for Your Own Purposes Writer 1: A Causal Argument Showing Alternative Approaches to Reducing Risk of Alcoholism Writer 2: A Proposal Argument Advocating Vegetarianism Writer 3: An Evaluation Argument Looking Skeptically at Vegetarianism Using Summary, Paraphrase, and Quotation Summarizing Paraphrasing Quoting Quoting a Complete Sentence Quoting Words and Phrases Modifying a Quotation Omitting Something from a Quoted Passage Quoting Something that Contains a Quotation Using a Block Quotation for a Long Passage Creating Rhetorically Effective Attributive Tags Attributive Tags versus Parenthetical Citations Creating Attributive Tags to Shape Reader Response Avoiding Plagiarism Why Some Kinds of Plagiarism May Occur Unwittingly Strategies for Avoiding Plagiarism 17 Citing and Documenting Sources The Connection between In-text Citations and the End-of-Paper List of Cited Works MLA Style In-text Citations in MLA Style When to Use Page Numbers in In-text Citations Works Cited List in MLA Style MLA Citation Models MLA-Style Research Paper APA Style In-Text Citations in APA Style References List in APA Style APA Citation Models APA-Style Research Paper Conclusion Appendix: Informal Fallacies The Problem of Conclusiveness in an Argument An Overview of Informal Fallacies Fallacies of Pathos Fallacies of Ethos Fallacies of Logos Part Six An Anthology of Arguments An Overview of the Anthology Guide Questions for the Analysis and Evaluation of Arguments List 1: Questions for Analyzing and Evaluating a Conversation List 2: Questions for Rhetorically Analyzing and Evaluating an Individual Argument List 3: Questions for Responding to a Reading and Forming Your Own Views Digital Literacies *Nancy K. Herther, “Digital Natives and Immigrants: What Brain Research Tells Us” *Sherry Turkle, “Is Technology Making Us Lonelier?” *Alison Gopnik, “Diagnosing the Digital Revolution: Why It’s So Hard to Tell If Technology is Changing Us” *Mike Keefe, “Social Networking, Then and Now” (editorial cartoon) *Mizuko Ito, et al., “Living and Learning with New Media: Summary of Findings from the Digital Youth Project” *Cathy Davidson, “Designing Learning from ‘End-to-End’” Dana L Fleming, “Youthful Indiscretions: Should Colleges Protect Social Network Users from Themselves and Others?” Paul Noth, “I Can’t Wait” (editorial cartoon) Video Games and Their Influence *Craig A. Anderson,“Violent Video Games and Other Media Violence” *4yourkids.org, “Just Do Nothing” (advocacy ad) Henry Jenkins, “Reality Bytes: Eight Myths about Video Games Debunked” *Darrin Bell, “Candorville” (editorial cartoon) A syndicated cartoonist satirizes the rhetoric of blame. *Leland Y. Yee, “Parents Should Be Able to Control What Kids Watch” *Daniel Greenberg, “Why the Supreme Court Should Rule that Violent Video Games Are Free Speech” *Congressional Digest Supreme Court Debates, “Before the Court: The Justices Weigh In During Oral Arguments” William Lugo, “Violent Video Games Recruit American Youth” *Jane McGonigal, “Be a Gamer, Save the World” Millennials Entering Adulthood *Kathryn Tyler, “The Tethered Generation” *Bruce Tinsley, “I’ve Got Students Interviewing…” (editorial cartoon) *Julie Hanus, “The Kid in the Corner Office” *America, “Generation S” *Kay S. Hymowitz, “Where Have the Good Men Gone?” *Nathan Rabin, “Two Cheers for the Maligned Slacker Dude” *Garry Trudeau, “Yo, Want to Meet Up and Chill?” (cartoon) *Matthew C. Klein, “Educated, Unemployed, and Frustrated” Immigration in the Twenty-First Century Mitali Perkins, “A Note to Young Immigrants” Scarf Ace, “Miss or Diss?” Fatemeh Fakhraie, “Scarfing It Down” *Anita Ortiz Maddali, “Sophia’s Choice: Problems Faced by Female Asylum-Seekers and Their U.S. Citizen Children” *Kevin Clarke, “Born in the U.S.A.” *The Washington Times, “Anchor Babies Away” *Lee Judge, “Oh Great, an Anchor Baby” (editorial cartoon) *Reyna Wences (student), “My Life in the Shadows” *Mark Krikorian, “DREAM On” The Value(s) of Higher Education *Rebecca Mead, “Is College Worth the Money?” *Mark Schneider, “How Much Is That Bachelor’s Degree Really Worth? The Million Dollar Misunderstanding” *Jesse Springer, “Liberal Arts Diploma” (editorial cartoon) *Ken Saxon, “What Do You Do With a B.A. in History?” *Scott Adams, “How to Get a Higher Education” *Erica Goldson (student), “Coxsackie-Athens Valedictorian Speech 2010: Here I Stand” Women in Math and Science Nature Neuroscience, “Separating Science from Stereotype” Deborah Blum, “Solving for X” Steven Pinker, “The Science of Difference: Sex Ed” Ben A. Barres, “Does Gender Matter?” *Amy E. Bell, Steven J. Spencer, Emma Iserman, And Christine E. R. Logel, “Stereotype Threat and Women’s Performance in Engineering” Choices for a Sustainable World Nicholas Kristof, “Our Gas Guzzlers, Their Lives“ *Daniel C. Esty and Michael E. Porter, “Pain at the Pump? We Need More” Andrew C. Revkin, “Carbon-Neutral Is Hip, but Is It Green?” Charles Krauthammer, “Save the Planet, Let Someone Else Drill” David Tilman and Jason Hill, “Fuel for Thought: All Biofuels Are Not Created Equal” *U.S. Energy Information Administration, “Energy Supply and Disposition by Type of Fuel, 196-2009” *Jason Powers, “The Power Is in the Solution: Cultivating New Traditions Through Permaculture” *Vandana Shiva, “The Soil vs. the Sensex” Argument Classics Martin Luther King Jr., “Letter from Birmingham Jail” Garrett Hardin, “Lifeboat Ethics: The Case against Aid That Does Harm” Pablo Picasso, Guernica (painting) Rachel Carson, “The Obligation to Endure” Stanley Milgram, “The Perils of Obedience” Credits Index *new readings Table of Contents
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